Electrolyte characteristics
Electrolyte type: Free from ammonia and chloride
Metal content: 15 g/l Pd 16 g/l Ni
pH value: 5.5 at 60 °C
Operating temperature: 60 °C
Current density range: Up to 70 A/dm²
Plating speed: Up to 15 μm/min
Anode material: MMO (type PLATINODE® 187 SO)
Coating characteristics
Coating: Palladium-Nickel
Alloy composition: 80 wt.% Pd 20 wt.% Ni
Colour of deposit: White
Brightness: Bright
Hardness: 500 – 550 HV
Max. coating thickness: 10 μm
Density of the coating: 10.8 g/cm³
Elongation: Approx. 5 %
Bendability: 2 μm crack-free
Advantages
- Free from ammonia and chloride
- No smell nuisance by ammonia gas
- Reduced corrosion of equipment
- Long lifetime of anodes
- Ductile coatings
- Constant alloy composition
- Reliable analysis and electrolyte control
PALLUNA® 459 Palladium Electrolyte
PALLUNA® 459 deposits brillant, bright and extremely low-pore pure palladium layers. It can be used as pre-palladium, as a diffusion barrier before rhodium plating or gold plating or as a final layer for decorative applications.
The palladium electrolyte is very easy to use. Due to the excellent throwing power, expensive precious metal can be saved, making this electrolyte economically attractive.
Electrolyte characteristics
Electrolyte type: ammoniacal
Metal content: 1.5 – 2 g/l
pH value: as pre-palladium 7.0 – 7.2 as final layer 8.5 – 9
Operating temperature: 25 – 30 °C
Current density range: approx. 0.5 A/dm²
Plating speed: up to 0.07 μm/min
Anode material: MMO (type PLATINODE® 167)
Coating characteristics
Coating: Palladium
Purity: 99.9 wt.% Pd
Colour of deposit: white
Brightness: Bright, brilliant
Hardness of deposit: 230 – 250 HV
Max. coating thickness: 0.5 μm
Density of the coating: 11.8 g/cm3
Advantages
- Light-white pure palladium coatings
- Corrosion resistant
- Ductile layers for decorative applications
- Bright, low-pore coatings
- Excellent throwing power
- Easy handling of the electrolyte
- Crack-free layers up to 0.5 μm possible
- Suitable for rack and barrel
PALLUNA® 458 Pure Palladium Electrolyte
PALLUNA® 458 is a neutral pure palladium electrolyte (pH-value 7.0) without free ammonia. It deposits bright, light white coatings low in pores.
Compared to previous palladium electrolytes, the process is characterized by a considerably higher tolerance to contamination with cyanide. Due to its excellent throwing power, expensive precious metal can be saved.
PALLUNA® 458 is suitable for decorative and technical applications, for rack and barrel operation.
Electrolyte characteristics
Electrolyte type: Neutral
Metal content: 10 (9 – 11) g/l Pd
pH value: 7.0 (6.8 – 7.2)
Operating temperature: 50 (45 – 55) °C
Current density range: 1.0 (0.5 – 1.5) A/dm²
Plating speed: Approx. 0.25 μm/min at 1.0 A/dm²
Anode material: MMO (type PLATINODE® 167)
Coating characteristics
Coating: Pure Palladium
Purity: approx. 99.9 wt. % Pd
Colour of deposit: White light / bright
Brightness: Bright
Hardness: 300 – 350 HV
Max. coating thickness: 3 μm, crack free
Density of the coating: Approx. 12 g/cm³
Advantages
- Light white, pure palladium coatings
- Corrosion-resistant
- Ductile layers for decorative and technical applications
- Bright, low-pore coatings
- Crack-free layers > 3 μm possible
- Suitable for rack and barrel
PALLUNA® 452 Palladium Electrolyte
PALLUNA® 452 is a weakly ammoniacal electrolyte for the deposition of palladium in continuous systems and rack plating. It is used especially where excellent bondability and solderability are required.
The electrolyte has already been used for years in semiconductor technology and is mainly used in selective high-speed deposition. It is particularly suitable for systems with immersion cells, belt cells, brush cells, jet and spot systems.
Electrolyte characteristics
Electrolyte type: weakly ammoniacal
Metal content: 3 (2.5 – 7) g/l Pd
pH value: 8.0 (7.5 – 8.4)
Operating temperature: 55 (50 – 60) °C
Current density range: 1 – 2 A/dm²
Plating speed: 0.25 μm/min bei 1 A/dm² ca. 0.50 μm/min bei 2 A/dm²
Anode material: PLATINODE® 167
Coating characteristics
Coating: Pure palladium
Purity: 99.9 wt.% Pd
Colour of deposit: white
Brightness: matt
Max. coating thickness: approx. 0.3 μm
Density of the coating: approx. 12 g/cm³
Advantages
- Excellent bonding and solderability
- High deposition rate
- Simple electrolyte feed
- For continuous lines and rack plating
PALLUNA® ACF-100 Palladium-Nickel Electrolyte
The new palladium nickel electrolyte PALLUNA® ACF-100 has all the technical advantages of other electrolytes – but without the smell of ammonia. The deposited layers are ductile, crack-free and resistant to abrasion. Furthermore, PALLUNA® ACF-100 has the cost benefit on its side: With comparable contact properties to those of hard gold, the palladium-nickel layer is by far the less expensive alternative.
PALLUNA® ACF-100 is a high-speed electrolyte, free of ammonia and chloride, for depositing a bright palladium-nickel-alloy in reel-to-reel lines (selective dipping, jet plating, brush plating) and in tabplaters.
Depending on the operation conditions, the electrolyte deposits alloy coatings with approx. 80 % of Pd. The alloy composition is largely independent of the current density. Electrolyte maintenance without ammonia and chloride. Breakdown products could be removed by carbon treatment easily. Continuous carbon treatment is feasible.
A brightener specially developed for PALLUNA® ACF-100 enables analytical electrolyte control. Thus, the increased requirements for new quality standards and stricter guidelines such as IATF 16949 can also be mapped by a compliant process control.
PALLUNA® ACF-200 Palladium-Nickel Electrolyte
PALLUNA® ACF-200 is operated without ammonia, thus avoiding offensive smells caused by pungent ammonia gases. Since no chloride is used in the electrolyte, the lifetime of the anodes is considerably longer and equipment corrosion is strongly reduced. By means of continuous active carbon purification, interfering organic decomposition products can be effectively removed from the electrolyte.
Depending on the operating conditions, the electrolyte deposits alloy coatings containing approx. 80 % of palladium. The palladium-nickel layers are hard, resistant to wear and corrosion, they are characterized by good ductility and low internal stress. In combination with flash gold, bondabilities comparable to those of soft gold surfaces can be reached.
PALLUNA® ACF-200 has the cost advantage on its side: With contact properties similar to those of hard gold, palladiumnickel is the clearly less expensive alternative.
Electrolyte characteristics
Electrolyte type: Free from ammonia and chloride
Metal content: 8 g/l Pd 7 g/l Ni
pH value: 5.2
Operating temperature: 62 °C
Current density range: Up to 4 A/dm²
Plating speed: 0.39 μm/min at 2 A/dm²
Anode material: MMO (type PLATINODE® 187 SO)
Coating characteristics
Coating: Palladium-Nickel
Alloy composition: 80 wt.% Pd 20 wt.% Ni
Colour of deposit: White
Brightness: Bright
Hardness: 530 HV
Density of the coating: 10.8 g/cm³
Solderability: Good
Elongation: Approx. 5 %
Bendability: 2 μm crack-free
Advantages
- Palladium-nickel electrolyte free from ammonium and chloride for printed circuit board applications
- No offensive smell caused by ammonia gas
- Longer lifetime of anodes
- Reduced equipment corrosion
- Ductile and crack-free coatings
- Excellent abrasion resistance
- Constant alloy composition of the coatings
- Solder- and bondability, especially with goldflash